Several distinct phases in the history of fitness doping are identified. Anabolic steroids and androgenic steroids (AAS) can have long‐term effects on the female voice. Theoretically, the paper utilises the concept of subculture and explores how a subcultural response can be used analytically in relation to processes of cultural normalisation as well as marginalisation. Thirdly, there is a critical phase in the 1980s and 90s, where drugs gradually become morally objectionable. Secondly, in the 1960s and 70s, a distinct bodybuilding subculture is developed, cultivating previously unseen muscular male bodies. First, there is an introductory phase in the mid-1950s, in which there is an optimism connected to modernity and thoughts about scientifically-engineered bodies. The massive bodybuilding body is replaced with the well-defined and moderately muscular fitness body, but at the same time there are strong commercialised values which contribute to the development of a new doping market. The focus is on historical and teen porno symbolic negotiations that have occurred over time, between perceived expressions of extreme body cultures and sociocultural transformations in society—with a perspective on fitness doping in public discourse. These changes are clinically relevant since they are difficult to treat and therefore should be disclosed to patients using AAS or receiving androgenic steroid therapy.
This article describes and analyses the historical development of gym and fitness culture in general and doping use in this context in particular. Theoretically, it considers a women’s online forum for PIEDs and analyzes it as a community of practice (CofP) and a spatiality in which gender, bodies, and side effects are discussed and negotiated. The results show that although the women’s forum provides a space for women to share their own unique experiences, there is a limit to the extent to which the discussions mirror the experiences and experimentations of women. Finally, it is possible to speculate on the development of a fifth phase, in which fitness doping is increasingly being filtered into mainstream gym and fitness culture, influencing the fitness doping demography.
This study aims to investigate and dissect the meanings attached to women’s use of performance and image enhancing drugs (PIEDs), how fitness doping can be understood in terms of gender and spatiality, and what implications this has for women’s communicative engagement with one another within an online forum. Instead, discussions are often dominated by men’s voices/experiences. This has two main implications. Secondly, it has implications for women’s PIED use and use practices. Women seeking out advice or the experiences of other women must navigate through and around men’s contributions.
Background The study is based on a netnographic and qualitative methodology. The fourth phase, the fitness revolution, can be seen as a transformational phase in gym culture. Symbolically, men engage in a sort of cultural manspreading by encroaching on the women’s forum space. Firstly, the prevalence of men’s voices can block the development of a women’s CofP.
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AAS users reported more severe substance use than non-AAS users. Lifetime AAS use was highest among men with stimulants (55.8%) as preferred substance, and lowest among men who preferred alcohol (14.6%). Initiation of AAS use due to getting thinner following substance use was reported by 44.5% of the AAS using men. More than half (58%) of all patients had not been asked about AAS use, and 42.4% of those who were asked, experienced that treatment providers lacked expertise about AAS. Lifetime AAS use was reported by 156 (28.3%) SUD patients, thereof 35.6% of the men and 8.0% of the women.